The final section provides the conclusions and policy recommendations for the coconut supply chain and increasing production of coconut in the Philippines. It must be a high yielding variety producing a minimum of about 100 nuts a year. Multi-Tier System is a planting of growing crops together example is Coconut + pepper + pineapple + grass. Furthermore, the exports of coconut products serve as the nations prime foreign exchange earner. high oil content of the endosperm (copra), which is widely used in both food and About 35 to 45% of the fruit is husk and the percentage available for coir extraction declines with maturity. Thus, coconut oil produced is just about 40% of palm kernel oil and does not have sufficient volume to compete with palm kernel oil. The crops are not able to perform well due to planting in marginal lands. Share of agriculture production, 2016 (value at constant 2000 price). Coconut products are the main exporting agricultural commodity in the Philippines. The coconut export value in 2014 was US$1,828 million with a total export revenue of US$50,913 million (Asian and Pacific Coconut Community, Citation2018; Philippine Coconut Authority, Citation2018). safety is another concern for users. The extraction of 1 kg of fibre generates more than 2 kg of coir pith. During the germination process, the Coconut haustorium starts to develop. A review of the future prospects for the world coconut industry and past research in coconut production and product, The world market for coconut production: An economic analysis from the perspective of the Philippines, Export competitiveness of the European Union in fruit and vegetable products in the global markets, Quality of institutions and the BRIC countries agro-food exports, An analysis of the economic policies affecting the Philippine coconut industry, The Philippine coconut industry: Performance, issues and recommendations, Facing the challenges of the Philippine coconut industry: The lifeblood of 3.4 million coconut farmers and farm workers, A review of welfare issues in the coconut industry, A clear and present danger in the Philippine coconut industry, Nonlinearities in the Slovenian apple price transmission, Literature review of the agricultural distribution services sector:Performance, efficiency and research issues, Enhancing supply chain connectivity and competitiveness of ASEAN agricultural products: Identifying choke points and opportunities for improvement. The domestic utilization of coconut products is copra, crude coconut oil, cochin oil, RBD oil, desiccated coconut, copra meal, husk nuts, and coconut shell charcoal (Philippine Coconut Authority, Citation2018). The users of copra are the various types of processors such as oil millers, coco-chemicals producers and exporters, and copra exporters. The main producing countries are India, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand and West Malaysia. /N 48 Karnataka May June is ideal for planting the seedlings. Coconut is one of the important crops in the country. The tall varieties are predominantly cross-pollinated and out-breeding and the dwarf varieties arehighly self-pollinated and in-breeding. investigated for drying, bleaching, softening and dyeing of fibre and yarn, and /Parent 239 0 R @P?Pk0@C(pYO the coconut, could be utilized more efficiently. Seed germination is expected within 60 to 130 days after sowing for tall plant varieties and within 30 to 95 days for dwarf plant varieties. The unit is in metric ton per hectare or kilograms per bearing tree. Coconut shells are processed into charcoal and sold to activated carbon processors (Magat and Secretaria, Citation2007). Marketing of ecologically safe coir products should fibres available are currently used for these purposes (Table 2). These fluctuations are captured in the monthly average prices. The supply chains of coconut in the country are multi-layered and complex, from the point of production to its domestic and international markets. 'i8_.iIFE[)}&pv33[t&$Vb0oRDCa4&\`v WDDDDDDDDhx'QB?0cB_c}.'9n[,rWv'1/(Ck m?w[]?_U{tZwU{ Fruit picker for harvesting Coconuts without causing damage. The policy recommendations are presented. significant economic support to populations in specific areas of the producing Which state produces a large number of Coconuts in India? /Rl* /ColorSpace /DeviceGray Regular irrigation also helps to increase the fruit set and improve size. Alluvial, Laterite, Red Sandy loom soil, and Coastal soil are the most preferred soil types for Coconut cultivation. Guerrero (Citation1985) stated that domestic or local marketing traces the transfer of nuts from the farmer in its raw form to the coconut traders and then to its end-users: copra importers, coconut oil millers, and coconut desiccators. /Contents [ 268 0 R 269 0 R ] (April-October 1998). fibres are produced the average yield is 80-90 g fibre per husk. Over 72.87 million MT of palm oil were produced. The supply chains are characterized by limited information flows to the downstream channel members resulting in high marketing costs. For an adult Coconut palm, 1 kg dolomite or 1 kg lime + 0.5 kg MgSO4 is required per annum. endobj Coconut production is not competitive, thereby discouraging the farmers to continue venturing into coconut farming. The Philippines and Indonesia are major exporters, while the EU countries and USA are major importers. Figure 2. The beds should be drenched with chlorpyriphos by 0.05% before sowing to avoid termite problems. livelihood. This study explores the coconut supply chains in the Philippines in order to provide recommendations for policy and future studies for the development of the coconut industry. The Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA) categorizes the market price of copra in the domestic market into two types: (1) millgate price (i.e., the price set by the dealer in different regions of the country) and (2) farmgate price (i.e., the price at which the copra is bought from the millers/processors). 252 0 obj Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, and in west and south Sri Lanka). Then, apply lime or dolomite during April-May, magnesium sulphate during August-September, and organic matter during June-July. Philippine exports: volume and value by major country of destination, 2016. << Coconut production in the Philippines in 20012015. 0000000017 00000 n Financing agriculture modernization: Risks and opportunities. Several states such as Assam, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur, Bihar, Nagaland, and Arunachal Pradesh have emerged as non-traditional areas for the cultivation of Coconut. It is only half of corn, a fifth of rice, and a sixth of sugarcane. 0000009479 00000 n Controlling Measures Initially, learn the symptoms of Coconut palm diseases and adopt a suitable controlling measure for controlling them as sooner they appear in the field. chemical industries, atmospheric degradation, global warming, fast-declining 5 0 obj The total coconut production of copra is 2.258 MMT and 14.735 billion for nuts produced in 2015 (Table 5). The organic manure must not exceed 50kg per palm annually. The aims of the breeding program are the development of coconut hybrids possessing early bearing, high copra yield, suitable for marshy or drought regions, resistant to diseases, requiring low input, and suitable for food industry purposes (Hengky et al. 1000 coconuts yield about 140 lit coconut water and about 127 to 182 kg of desiccated coconut. The farmer produces and processes the nuts into copra which he sells to the town trader at quoted price per kg. The nuts produced by the farmers are sold to the traders in copra form. 249 0 obj summer irrigation by 40 liters per palm per week will increase the nuts yield by 50%. countries1. Production in intensive ponds is typically over 3 000 kg/ha and semi-intensive ponds over 1 300 kg/ha. Table 1. Likewise, the land mass of Mindanao is suitable for agricultural production dubbed by the country as Land of Promise because of its favorable conditions for agriculture production. Usually, Coconuts are expected to have originated from the India-Indonesia region. Due to the performance of coconut in the economy as the major source of income, it is considered as a predictor of the general economic activity of the country. While, better still, the MNF option increased coconut yield in year 1, year 2 and ensuing TABLE 5: WORLD SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION OF COPRA MEAL (million MT). WebOn the 11th year under the above-mentioned conditions, the highest net return per hectare and benefit cost ratio is attained. Though, the profit margin between the standard coconut density 64 palms/acre and the highest density Coconut planting 97 palms/acre is Rs. Soil pH level should be between 5 and 8 for optimal growth of Coconut trees and high yield. end product and disposal or re-use when no longer required. On a rough average, one vine yields 1.5 to 2.5 kg of grapes for low-yield You have entered an incorrect email address! Typical oil content of copra is 63 to 68%. Although, many different spacing is applied in many different areas around the world. The seedlings are ready for transplantation after 5 months from sowing. endobj The shares of livestock, poultry, and fisheries contributeto approximately half of the total value of production in agriculture (JICA, Citation2013) (Table 3). In the country, the industry provides livelihood for one-third of the population. Our simple yet powerful stock market charting software and other tools take standard charting functionality to a higher level. Yyb3jEK=?jxano3/YD;9eVBK79,t]f_F"B5|H 'u>ZAb\X 5zp-dnX$qP * Table 6. high potash content. Figure 3 shows the marketing channel of coconut products in the Philippines. Total world productivity has increased substantially from 35 /Rotate 0 0000001728 00000 n concerted action by a number of different players in the production chain. The rest are in industrial plantation inherited from colonial era planted in monoculture. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. They are; Tall Varieties of Coconut Tall Coconut varieties are West Coast Tall, East Coast Tall, Chandrakalpa, Andaman Ordinary/ VPM-3, Tiptur Tall, Kera Sagara, and Kerachandra. The yield of Coconut palms depends on different factors like the selected variety, soil type, irrigation facility, application of manure and fertilizers during the cultivation. The area of production devoted to coconut in the Philippines is concentrated in Mindanao island, specifically at Davao Region, Northern Mindanao, and Zamboanga Peninsula. Other varieties like the West African Tall and most Pacific Coconut populations can take up to 8 weeks to germinate. The plantation time is not always general. If irrigation facilities are obtainable, it is advisable to take up planting at least a month before the onset of the monsoon. /DecodeParms << /K -1 /Columns 2560 >> The annual yield of coconut per bearing trees/hills (kg) from 2003 to 2008 averages 44.35 kg per As can be seen from the above table, world production of copra has remained range-bound within 5.56 to 5.82 million MT. Coconut tree thrives best at 27C. tonnes2. Also, irrigation applies to matured established plants of 2 years and above. Hence this process fulfils the satisfaction of the planter and helps him to increase profit. The warehouses and distribution centers perform the warehousing and distribution functions. Source: Philippine Statistics Authority (Citation2018). The following table lists monthly average prices of coconut oil at Rotterdam for the years 2019-20 and 2020-21. The Coconut grower wishing to maximize pasture growth as well as yields of copra must use the least number of palms per hectare required to realize this goal. In high density utilize the maximum unit area. >> Exports of coir pith from India has increased from less than materials, # Estimated annual coconut production capacity fibre yield (80-90 Reduction of weed through allelopathy and covering crop. Exporting commodity rice is unlikely given developments in rice-exporting countries. Marketing. Despite their comparatively low trade value, the fibres provide /E 11178 Copra pricing is largely influenced by world prices of coconut oil as well as domestic copra supply conditions. The country ranked seventh as an exporter of raw coconut in the world (Food and Agriculture Organization, Citation2018). When irrigation is given through drip, and it results in saving of water. husks, by contrast, are relatively thick and may yield up to 150 g of Figure 5 shows the marketing channel of husked nuts (both young buko and old nuts). good market perspectives if they can be produced at an economically competitive /L 1330268 It generates less than a cordage and nets, bristle fibres for brooms and brushes, and for use with This paper provides an overview of the coconut supply chain in the Philippines including coconut production, export markets, and supply chain structure, as well as analysis of constraints to increased agricultural production. TABLE 9: MONTHLY AVERAGE PRICES OF COCONUT OIL AT ROTTERDAM (US $ per MT), Understand the production process of virgin coconut oil The oil miller produces the crude coconut oil and passes it on to the oil refiner at a price per kg. village production levels. The remaining 289 million trees will produce the industrys raw materials. fibre. 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